This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was first published outside the United States (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days), and it was first published before 1989 without complying with U.S. copyright formalities (renewal and/or copyright notice) and it was in the public domain in its home country on the URAA date (January 1, 1996 for most countries).
The author died in {{{1}}}, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 60 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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Please use {{Pd/1996|year of author's death}} to automatically update the template, but do not use this template directly.
To create dynamic copyright messaging that will update as time passes and stay accurate when the author's death year (ADY) is known. Direction for including ADY is in each template document.
- Published prior to 1923, ADY 100+ years ago {{PD-old}}
- Published prior to 1923, ADY anything less than 100 years ago {{Pd/1923}}
- Published after 1922 and before 1964, Non-renewal confirmed {{PD-US-no-renewal}}
- Published between 1923 and 1996 {{Pd/1996}}